Published

Damn the Luck! (Night-Black Deeds, Helios House Press/H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society, 2024)
Essay on the publishing history of Lovecraft's The Shunned House. Link

Off-Trail: The Weird Westerns of Robert E. Howard (Tentaculum #4, September 2023)
Article on the weird westerns of Robert E. Howard for Tentaculum, the ezine of the Drabblecast podcast. Link

Review of When the Stars Are Right: H. P. Lovecraft and Astronomy (Hippocampus Press, 2023)
Review in Lovecraft Annual #17.

Price Among the Osages (Helios Press, 2023)
Essay on E. Hoffmann Price's time in Oklahoma in 1934; in Miskatonic Missives, Vol. 1, No. 2.

Howard Days 2023 (Hippocampus Press, 2023)
Trip report for Howard Days 2023 in Dead Reckonings #33 (Spring 2023). An abridged version appeared in The Robert E. Howard Foundation Newsletter vol. 17, no. 1 (Spring 2023).

The Hogbens: Atom-Age Appalachians (Tentaculum #3, April 2023)
Article on the Hogben stories of Henry Kuttner & C. L. Moore for Tentaculum, the ezine of the Drabblecast podcast. Link

The Robert E. Howard Trivia Book (self-published, 2023).
A special gift for attendees of Robert E. Howard Days 2023.

Bird on a Blade (Rogue Blades, 2023)
Essay on Robert E. Howard's "The Phoenix on the Sword" in Hither Came Conan. First published on Blackgate.com

Review of Weird Tales Best of the Early Years (Cromcast Chronicle #3, Winter 2022)
Review of Weird Tales Best of the Early Years: 1923-1924 and Weird Tales Best of the Early Years: 1925-1926. Link 

Edmond Hamilton, Parallel Lovecraftian (Tentaculum #2, November 2022)
Article on Edmond Hamilton and "The Monster-God of Mamurth" for Tentaculum, the ezine of the Drabblecast podcast. Link

Lovecraftian People and Places (Lovecraft Annual #16, 2022)
Review of Ken Faig, Jr.'s Lovecraftian People and Places.

The Life and Works of Sonia H. Greene (Tentaculum #1, August 2022)
Article on Sonia H. Greene and H. P. Lovecraft for Tentaculum, the ezine of the Drabblecast podcast. Link

Cross Plains Pilgrimage (self-published, 2022)
A special gift for attendees of Robert E. Howard Days 2022. Book on E. Hoffmann Price's trips to visit Robert E. Howard in Cross Plains, TX.

Revelations (Forbidden Knowledge: Dreams & Nightmares #9, 2022)
Short-short fiction.

The Strange Stories Story (Cromcast Chronicle #2, 21 Dec 2021)
Article on the unpublished companion magazine to Weird Tales. Link

Wyrd Ensemble (Rogue Blades, 2021)
Personal essay in Robert E. Howard Changed My Life. Link

Strange Stories of Robert E. Howard & Co. (self-published, 2021)
A special gift for attendees of Robert E. Howard Days 2021. Includes stories by Robert E. Howard, Arthur Machen, and C. L. Moore, with essays on Machen and Moore's relationship with Howard and his creations.

Robert E. Howard and the Early Weird Tales (Pulp Hero Press, 2021)
Essay on Howard's first years at Weird Tales in The Weird Tales Story Expanded and Enhanced. Link

Foreword to Old World Footprints (Bold Venture Press, January 2021)
Book by Cassie Symmes, with an introduction by H. P. Lovecraft (ghostwriting as Frank Belknap Long, Jr.); edited and with notes by Dave Goudsward. Foreword by myself. Link

Jim Crow, Sci-Fi, and WorldCon (Cromcast Chronicle #1, 21 Dec 2020)
Article on how racial segregation influenced sci-fi conventions in the 1940s and 50s. Link

Earth, Air, Fire & Water (Skelos #4, Fall 2020)
Review of Brian Lumley's 2017 collection Earth, Air, Fire & Water. Link

Von Arkham nach Averoigne (Der Mythos des Cthulhu: Erzählungen, 1 Nov 2020)
Afterword on Clark Ashton Smith's contributions to the Cthulhu Mythos. Translated into German. Link

The Cthulhu Stories of Robert E. Howard (On An Underwood No. 5, 4 Oct 2020)
A review of the 2020 book from WordFire Press. Link

The First Robert E. Howard Horror Comic? (The Pavilion Blog, 6 Aug 2020)
A brief article on the pre-Code horror comic "Skulls of Doom!" Link
Translated into Spanish by Amparo Montejano and published on Circulo De Lovecraft 8 Aug 2020. Link

Von Cimmeria nach R'lyeh (Der Mythos des Cthulhu: Erzählungen, 20 July 2020)
Afterword on Robert E. Howard's contributions to the Cthulhu Mythos. Translated into German. Link

Barlow Letters related to Robert E. Howard (On An Underwood No. 5, 5 July 2020)
Article on Barlow dealing with Lovecraft's correspondence with Robert E. Howard as Lovecraft's literary executor. Link

Conan and Carnacki: Robert E. Howard and William Hope Hodgson (Occult Detective Quarterly #7, 2020)
Article on how Robert E. Howard may have read William Hope Hodgson.

Unspeakable! The Secret History of Nameless Cults (On An Underwood No. 5, 31 May 2020)
How Nameless Cults became Unaussprechlichen Kulten. Link

A Letter From Seabury Quinn (On An Underwood No. 5, 22 Mar 2020)
A letter from Seabury Quinn to Emil Petaja, with footnotes. Link

Farnsworth Wright's Favorite Weird Tales (On An Underwood No. 5, 2 Feb 2020)
Brief article on Wright's favorite stories he had published in Weird Tales. Link

Robert E. Howard, H. P. Lovecraft, and the Great War (The Dark Man: Journal of Robert E. Howard and Pulp Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, December 2019)
Brief article addressing an error in W. Scott Poole's The Wasteland: The Great War and the Origins of Modern Horror (2018).

When the Last of Innsmouth Is Dead (Forbidden Knowledge: Tales of Love & Death #8, 2019)
Short fiction.

The Cthulhu Mythos and Space Opera (On An Underwood No. 5, 13 Oct 2019)
Brief article on the Mythos and space opera, reprinted from Space Madness! Link

Space Madness! (Fey Market/Lulu Press, 2019)
Roleplaying game, combining the Cthulhu Mythos, atompunk, and space opera. Link

Queer Beginnings: From Fanzines to Rule 34 (Representing Kink: Fringe Sexuality and Textuality in LIterature, Digital Narrative, and Popular Culture, Sep 2019)
With Brian Watson. Essay on the origins of sexualization of pop culture in science fiction fandom. Link

"Black Canaan" vs. "Black Cunjer" (On An Underwood No. 5, 28 Jul 2019)
Article on Robert E. Howard's "Black Canaan," Isabel Walker's "Black Cunjer," and racism in Weird Tales. Link

A Tale of Two Letters (On An Underwood No. 5, 14 Jul 2019)
Article on two newly-discovered letters involving Robert E. Howard, one from H. P. Lovecraft. Link

The Whittier Cocktail (Wittier Than Thou, June 2019) Link
Short fiction.

Weird Beginnings (8 June 2019)
A special gift for attendees of Robert E. Howard Days 2019. Robert E. Howard's first two stories published at Weird Tales, plus Patrice Louinet's essay "The Wright Hook." Illustrations and cover by Mike Dubisch.

Robert E. Howard's Cow (On An Underwood No. 5, 31 Mar 2019)
Article on Delhi, Robert E. Howard's cow. Link

Conan and Jirel: Robert E. Howard and C. L. Moore (On An Underwood No. 5, Feb 2019)
Article on the connections between Robert E. Howard and Catherine Lucille Moore.
Link to Part 1
Link to Part 2

Hither Came Conan: Bobby Derie - "The Phoenix on the Sword" (Blackgate.com, 14 Jan 2019)
Article arguing why "The Phoenix on the Sword" is the best Conan story. Link

Conan and the Little People: Robert E. Howard and Lovecraft's Theory (On An Underwood No. 5, 13 Jan 2019)
Article on the "Little People" in Lovecraft and Howard's fiction and letters, inspired by Arthur Machen and Margaret Murray. Link

The Occult Jules de Grandin (Occult Detective Quarterly No. 5, Winter 2018)
Article examining the occult systems in Seabury Quinn's Jules de Grandin stories.

Conan and E'ch-Pi-El: Robert E. Howard in the Biographies of H. P. Lovecraft (On An Underwood No. 5, 9 Dec 2018)
Article on how Robert E. Howard appears in the biographies of Lovecraft. Link

Conan and Sappho: Robert E. Howard on Lesbians (On An Underwood No. 5, Aug 2018)
Article on Robert E. Howard's views on LGBTQ people and his depiction of them in his writing.
Link to Part 1
Link to Part 2

Weird Talers: Essays on Robert E. Howard and Others (Hippocampus Press, 1 Apr 2019) Link
A collection of essays on Robert E. Howard and his correspondence and relationship with other pulp writers & fans. Cleaned up version of below.
Essays on Robert E. Howard & Others: Ashcan Edition (Self-published, 8 Jun 2018)
A special gift for attendees of Robert E. Howard Days 2018. A collection of essays on Robert E. Howard and his correspondence and relationship with other pulp writers & fans.

The Robert E. Howard Sampler (Self-published, 8 Jun 2018, with Chris Gruber)
A special gift for attendees of Robert E. Howard Days 2018. Edited with Chris Gruber, who also supplied the introduction, this is a collection of Howard's non-Conan stories in different genres, showcasing the breadth of his writing for fans new and old.

Index to One Who Walked Alone and Day of the Stranger (Self-published, 8 Jun 2018)
A special gift for attendees of Robert E. Howard Days 2018. An index and notes to Novalyne Price's One Who Walked Alone and the accompanying Necronomicon Press volume Day of the Stranger.

Dear Mr. Jacobi; Cordially, Robert E. Howard (On An Underwood No. 5, 20 May 2018)
Article on Robert E. Howard and Carl Jacobi, especially their correspondence. Link

Conan and the Acolyte: Robert E. Howard and F. T. Laney (On An Underwood No. 5, 19 Apr 2018)
Article on Howard and 1940s fanzine publisher Francis Towner Laney, of The Acolyte. Link

Robert E. Howard's Reefer Madness (Message from Crom, 3 Apr 2018)
Article on cannabis in the life and fiction of Robert E. Howard. Link

Bêlit’s Bane: Where the Falling Demon Meets the Rising Ape (Mighty Thor JRS, 29 Mar 2018)
Article on the use of apes and winged races in the fiction of Robert E. Howard, culminating in the winged ape of "Queen of the Black Coast." Link

First Fans: Robert E. Howard and Emil Petaja (On An Underwood No. 5, 4 Feb 2018)
Article on Petaja's interaction with Robert E. Howard. Link

A Lost Weird Anthology, 1931-1933 (On An Underwood No. 5, 28 Jan 2018)
Article on the proposed Lovecraft-Howard-Smith-Mashburn-Price-Quinn-Kline-Long-Whitehead-Derleth anthology. Link

Fan Mail: Bloch vs. Conan (On An Underwood No. 5, 18 Jan 2018)
Article on Robert Bloch's criticism of Conan in Weird Tales. Link

Fan Mail: Prohibition in "The Souk" (On An Underwood No. 5, 11 Jan 2018)
Article on an exchange regarding Islam, alcohol, and Robert E. Howard. Link

The Two Bobs: Robert E. Howard and Robert H. Barlow (On An Underwood No. 5, 14 Dec 2017)
Article on the interactions of Robert E. Howard and fellow Lovecraft correspondent R. H. Barlow. Link

The Boys From Atlantis (Skelos Press, Fall 2017)
Essay on Robert E. Howard's Kull of Atlantis, Henry Kuttner's Elak of Atlantis, and Manly Wade Wellman's Kardios of Atlantis in Skelos - The Journal of Weird Fiction and Dark Fantasy #3.

A Lost Correspondence: Robert E. Howard and Stuart M. Boland (On An Underwood No. 5, 26 Nov 2017)
Article on the evidence, and lack thereof, for correspondence between Howard and Boland. Link

Robert E. Howard's Weird Detectives (CreateSpace, 2017)
Article on Howard's detective characters, published in Occult Detective Quarterly #3.

Ruminations on the History of the Necronomicon (2017)
Short fiction for Forbidden Knowledge: Darkness Ascending.

Weird Talers: Robert E. Howard and Seabury Quinn (On An Underwood No. 5, 18 Oct 2017)
Article on pulp writers Robert E. Howard and Seabury Quinn. Link

F. Thurston Torbett and F. Lee Baldwin on Robert E. Howard (On An Underwood No. 5, 31 Aug 2017)
Publishing the correspondence of F. Thurston Torbett to F. Lee Baldwin. Link

Conan and the OAK (On An Underwood No. 5, June-July 2017)
Article on Robert E. Howard and his agent, Otis Adelbert Kline.
Link to Part 1
Link to Part 2
Link to Part 3
Link to Part 4
Link to Part 5

More Ruminations on Abdul al-Azrd's Most Famous Work (Spring 2017)
Short fiction for CYÄEGHA #19.

The Female Alhazred (Spring 2017)
Short fiction for CYÄEGHA #19.

The Robert E. Howard Bar Guide (self-published, 8 Jun 2017)
A special gift for attendees of Robert E. Howard Days 2017, detailing the drinks that Howard mentioned in his stories and letters, with a selection of cocktail recipes taken from contemporary sources. Link

Friend of a Friend: Robert E. Howard and Frank Belknap Long (On An Underwood No. 5, April 2017)
Article on Robert E. Howard and Frank Belknap Long, who were mutual friends of H. P. Lovecraft.
Link to Part 1
Link to Part 2

Quiel pazzo Olsen: Il maniaco che scriveva lettere agli autori di Weird Tales (Dagon Press, 2016)
Italian translation of "That Fool Olsen" in Studi Lovecraftiani 15. Translation and notes by Pietro Guarriello.

Review: In the Mountains of Madness (Skelos Press, Autumn 2016)
Review of W. Scott Poole's In the Mountains of Madness in Skelos - The Journal of Weird Fiction and Dark Fantasy #2.

Ebony and Crystal: REH, CAS, and Fraternal Good Wishes
(REH Two-Gun Raconteur, 31 October 2016)
Article on Robert E. Howard's copy of Clark Ashton Smith's Ebony and Crystal. Link

Fragments from the Lost Letters of H. P. Lovecraft to Robert E. Howard (Hippocampus Press, 2016)
Article on some letter fragments from Lovecraft to Howard in Lovecraft Annual #10.

They Know In Their Hearts (Autumn 2016)
Short fiction for CYÄEGHA #17.

The Black Hours of Ghita di Siracusa (Autumn 2016)
Short fiction for CYÄEGHA #17.

That Fool Olsen (REH Two-Gun Raconteur, 23 Aug 2016)
Article on Robert E. Howard, H. P. Lovecraft, Clark Ashton Smith, and a deranged fan. Link
Expanded and revised as "That Fool Olson" in The Lovecraft Annual #12 (2018).

Howard, Lovecraft, and "The Sin-Eater" (On An Underwood No. 5, 18 August 2016)
Article on Robert E. Howard, H. P. Lovecraft, and William Sharp/Fiona Macleod. Link

Review: A Look Behind the Derleth Mythos (Skelos Press, Summer 2016)
Review of John D. Haefele's A Look Behind the Derleth Mythos in Skelos - The Journal of Weird Fiction and Dark Fantasy #1.

Robert E. Howard's Arkham (REH Two-Gun Raconteur, 13 July 2016)
Article on Robert E. Howard's poem "Arkham" and Lovecraft's fictional town of the same name. Link

Conan and the Dweller (On An Underwood No. 5, July 2016)
Article on Robert E. Howard and William Lumley.
Link to Part 1
Link to Part 2
Link to Part 3
Link to Part 4 - 11 Nov 2016, in collaboration with Daniel Harms and Michael Lesner

Dr. Isaac M. Howard, Pellagra, & Homeopathy (On An Underwood No. 5, 26 May 2016)
Article on a letter from Robert E. Howard's father to a homeopathic journal. Link

The Swords of Robert E. Howard (REH Two-Gun Raconteur, April-May 2016)
Article on Robert E. Howard's sword collection, and knowledge of swords and swordsmanship.
Link to Part 1
Link to Part 2
Link to Part 3

Robert E. Howard and the Amateur Press (On An Underwood No. 5, April-May 2016)
Article on Robert E. Howard and amateur journalism.
Link to Part 1
Link to Part 2
Link to Part 3
Link to Part 4
Link to Part 5

The Satanic Robert E. Howard (REH Two-Gun Raconteur, February-March 2016)
Article on Robert E. Howard and Satanism.
Link to Part 1
Link to Part 2
Link to Part 3

Excerpts from Ruminations on the Necronomicon (Spring 2016)
Short fiction for CYÄEGHA #15.

Et in Arkham Ego (Spring 2016)
Short fiction for CYÄEGHA #15.

Sacred Texts: Lovecraft, Alan Moore, and Religion in Providence (Sacred & Sequential, 9 February 2016)
Essay on religion in Providence. With Joe Linton and Alexx Kay. Link

Conan and Canevin (REH Two-Gun Raconteur, 4 February 2016)
Essay on Henry S. Whitehead and Robert E. Howard. Link

Pickman's Apprentice: An Appreciation of Jacen Burrows (factsprovidence.wordpress.com, 19 Jan 2016)
Essay on Jacen Burrows, artist for The Courtyard, Neonomicon, and Providence. Link

Obscenity: Alan Moore and the Miller Test (factsprovidence.wordpress.com, 1 December 2015)
Essay on the possible charge of child pornography in Moore and Burrows' Providence. Link

Untrodden Fields: Robert E. Howard's Sex Library (On An Underwood No. 5, November-December 2015)
Article examining the curiosa and erotica in Howard's library.
Link to Part 1
Link to Part 2
Link to Part 3

Drafts to H. P. Lovecraft (REH Two-Gun Raconteur, November-December 2015)
Article comparing Robert E. Howard's draft letters to Lovecraft with his final letters.
Link to Part 1
Link to Part 2
Link to Part 3
Link to Part 4

American Dread: Alan Moore and the Racism of H. P. Lovecraft (factsprovidence.wordpress.com, 11 November 2015)
Essay on Alan Moore's address of race in The Courtyard, Neonomicon, and Providence. Link

The Unique Legacy of Weird Tales: The Evolution of Modern Fantasy and Horror (Rowman & Littlefield, October 2015)
Essay "Great Phallic Monuments: Lovecraft and Sexuality." Link

The Shadow Out of Spain (REH Two-Gun Raconteur, September-November 2015)
Article on Hispanic peoples in the letters and fiction of H. P. Lovecraft and Robert E. Howard.
Link to Part 1
Link to Part 2
Link to Part 3
Link to Part 4
Link to Part 5

Review: The Spirit of Revision: Lovecraft's Letters to Zealia Brown Reed Bishop (2015) (Innsmouth Free Press, 16 September 2015)
Review for Innsmouth Free Press blog. Link

The Mirror of E'ch-Pi-El: Robert E. Howard in the Letters of H. P. Lovecraft (On An Underwood No. 5, 2015)
Article for On An Underwood No. 5 blog.
Link to Part 1
Link to Part 2
Link to Part 3

Review: Helen's Story (2013) (Innsmouth Free Press, 12 August 2015)
Review for Innsmouth Free Press blog. Link

An Irreparable Loss: Robert E. Howard and Weird Tales, 1936 (REH Two-Gun Raconteur, 12 August 2015)
Article on Robert E. Howard's final year with Weird Tales. Link

Six Degrees of Lovecraft: Henry Miller (Hippocampus Press, 2015)
Essay on H. P. Lovecraft and Henry Miller in Lovecraft Annual #9.

Dear Bob; Cordially, Clark Ashton Smith (REH Two-Gun Raconteur, 28 July 2015)
A reconstruction of the Clark Ashton Smith/Robert E. Howard correspondence. Link

Discovering Robert E. Howard: Bobby Derie on REH in the Comics - Beyond Barbarians (blackgate.com, 21 July 2015)
Article on the non-Conan the Barbarian adaptations of Robert E. Howard in the comics. Link

The Female Mythos (Martian Migraine Press, July 2015)
Essay on female entities in the Cthulhu Mythos for Necronomicum: The Magazine of Weird Erotica #3.

The Horror of Rape: Alan Moore, Lovecraft, and Neonomicon (factsprovidence.wordpress.com, 29 April 2015)
Essay on Alan Moore's use of rape in Neonomicon. Link

The Collected Letters of Robert E. Howard - Index and Addenda (Robert E. Howard Foundation Press, January 2015)
Nonfiction index of the Collected Letters, including some additional letters by Robert E. Howard and an introduction and notes by Jeffrey Shanks. Link

Cthulhu Sex Magazine: A Retrospective (Martian Migraine Press, October 2014)
Article for Necronomicum: The Magazine of Weird Erotica #1.

Sex and the Cthulhu Mythos (Hippocampus Press, September 2014)
Nonfiction book examining love, sex, and gender in the Cthulhu Mythos. Link

A Brief History of Sex in Weird Fiction (weirdfictionreview.com, 15 September 2014)
Article for Weird Fiction Review website. Link

History of a Necronomicon (Summer 2014)
Short fiction for CYÄEGHA #11.

Eye of Light and Darkness: No Security (Pagan Publishing, 2014)
Review for Call of Cthulhu magazine The Unspeakable Oath #24.

Eye of Light and Darkness: Astonishing Swordsmen & Sorcerers of Hyperborea (Pagan Publishing, 2014)
Review for Call of Cthulhu magazine The Unspeakable Oath #24.

Eye of Light and Darkness: Yellow Dawn 2.5 (Pagan Publishing, 2013)
Review for Call of Cthulhu magazine The Unspeakable Oath #24.

The Saffron Book (Pagan Publishing, 2012)
Article for Call of Cthulhu magazine The Unspeakable Oath #22.

Atlas of Arkham 1911 (Pagan Publishing, 2012)
Article for Call of Cthulhu magazine The Unspeakable Oath #22.

Three-Fingered Joe (Inter Nova, 2011)
Short story for free international e-zine Inter Nova. Link

Dollars of Dagon (Pagan Publishing, 2011)
Article for Call of Cthulhu magazine The Unspeakable Oath #19.

10 Jackpointers (Catalyst Game Labs, 2010)
PDF-only
Credit: Proofreading.

10 Gangs (Catalyst Game Labs, 2010)
PDF-only
Credit: Babakku.

Vice (Catalyst Game Labs, 2009)
Credits: Crime Pays, Mafia, Yakuza, and Ethnic Syndicates (Zobop).

Seattle 2072 (Catalyst Game Labs, 2009)
Credits: History: Awakening, History: Ghost Dance, and History: Night of Rage.

Shadowrun Twentieth Anniversary Edition (Catalyst Game Labs, 2009)
Credits: Happy Trails and La Quinzième Section, le Sixième Monde.

Running Wild (Catalyst Game Labs, 2009)
Credit: Dracoforms.

Barak Char (Warpstone, 2008)
Article for Warhammer Fantasy fanzine Warpstone #28.

Infinite Technomancy (Steve Jackson Games, 2008)
Article for GURPS ezine Pyramid.

Runner's Companion (Catalyst Game Labs, 2008)
Credits: Alternative Character Creation (Karma System), Alternative Character Concepts (Drakes, HMHVV Infected, Non-Metahuman Sapients).

Unwired (Catalyst Game Labs, 2008)
Credit: Hacker's Handbook.

Feral Cities (Catalyst Game Labs, 2008)
Credit: (with Tobias Wolter) Chicago.

Ghost Cartels (Catalyst Game Labs, 2008)
Credits: The Source, (with Lars Blumentstein, Elissa Carey, Jennifer Harding, Jason Levine and Malik Toms) A New High.

Digital Grimoire (Catalyt Game Labs, 2008)
PDF-only
Credits: Further Enchanting, (with John Dunn) Expanded Grimoire.

Corporate Enclaves (Catalyst Game Labs, 2007)
Credit: (with Jason Levine and Malik Toms) Neo-Tokyo.

Arsenal (Catalyst Game Labs, 2007)
Credits: Manatech, (with Malik Toms) Chemistry, (with Malik Toms and Rob Boyle) Martial Arts.

Emergence (Catalyst Game Labs, 2007)
Credit: Aftermath.

Street Magic (FanPro, 2006)
Credit: Magical Goods.

Runner Havens (FanPro, 2006)
Credit: (with Jong-Won Kim, Rob Boyle, and Robyn King-Nitschke) Seattle.

Dog Days (FanPro, 2005)
Web-only Shadowrun fiction.

SR3 to SR4 Character Conversion Guide (FanPro, 2005)
Web-only supplement
Credit: Writing.

State of the Art: 2064 (FanPro, 2005)
Credit: Additional Writing.